Leo Small

Materials Scientist

Author profile picture

Materials Scientist

ljsmall@sandia.gov

(505) 844-9987

Biography

Leo Small is a materials scientist and electrochemist at Sandia National Laboratories. He received his B.S. degree from Cornell University and Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, both in Materials Science. Over the past ten years, his work at Sandia National Laboratories has spanned the gamut from electrochemical energy storage technologies, to toxics gas sensors, to corrosion and electrochemistry of ferroelectrics. His research interests include impedance spectroscopy, solid state ion conductors, and materials integration and characterization of electrochemical systems, including energy storage technologies such as sodium batteries and redox flow batteries.

Research Interests

  • Materials for electrochemical energy storage, especially solid state ion conductors, membranes and separators
  • Application of impedance spectroscopy to dynamic electrochemical systems
  • Surface chemistries to control ion movement at interfaces

Education

  • Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY), 2012
  • B.S. in Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University (Ithaca, NY), 2009

Google Scholar

Leo Small, Ph.D.

Publications

  • hill, R., Hempel, J., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Gross, M., Peretti, A., & Peretti, A. (2022). Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrochemical Characterization of NaSICON Sodium Ion Conductors [Poster] [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891742 Publication ID: 76191
  • Marinelarena-Diaz, A., Meyerson, M., Maraschky, A., Small, L., & Small, L. (2022). Evaluation of bio-inspired flow fields in a mediated Li-S flow battery for grid energy storage. https://doi.org/10.2172/1884907 Publication ID: 80078
  • Meyerson, M., Rosenberg, S.G., Small, L., & Small, L. (2022). A Mediated Li-S Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 5(4), pp. 4202-4211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c03673 Publication ID: 80580
  • Hill, R., Peretti, A., Small, L., Spoerke, E., Cheng, Y.-T., & Cheng, Y.-T. (2022). Characterizing mechanical and microstructural properties of novel montmorillonite-rich polyethylene composites. Journal of Materials Science, 57(6), pp. 4255-4264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06562-1 Publication ID: 76130
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Meyerson, M., Small, L., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1905212 Publication ID: 77029
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Lower Temperature, Lower Cost Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1905214 Publication ID: 77030
  • hill, R., Hempel, J., Cheng, Y., Peretti, A., Gross, M., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Structural and Mechanical Characterization of NaSICON Solid Electrolytes Upon Cycling in Molten Sodium [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1899668 Publication ID: 76839
  • Meyerson, M., Rosenberg, S.G., Dickens, S., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Mediated Li-S Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1899467 Publication ID: 76868
  • Maraschky, A., Lee, R., Percival, S.J., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Experimental and Modeling Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials to Enable Low-temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1899262 Publication ID: 76708
  • Small, L., Lee, R., Percival, S.J., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Meyerson, M., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Understanding Electrochemical Processes in Molten Salt Catholytes for Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1900348 Publication ID: 76973
  • Meyerson, M., Rosenberg, S.G., Dickens, S., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Mediated Li-S Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1895553 Publication ID: 76525
  • Meyerson, M., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Mediated Lithium-Sulfur Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891595 Publication ID: 76171
  • Small, L., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., Lee, R., Maraschky, A., Meyerson, M., hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891601 Publication ID: 76176
  • hill, R., Hempel, J., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Peretti, A., & Peretti, A. (2021). Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrochemical Characterization of NaSICON Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891741 Publication ID: 76192
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891984 Publication ID: 76231
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Rodriguez, M.A., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Developing ?Really Cool? Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1892161 Publication ID: 76253
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Materials Chemistry in Battery Energy Storage: A Key to Unlocking Our ?Potential? Energy Future [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1888383 Publication ID: 75814
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., Rodriguez, M.A., Lamb, J., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Lee, R., & Lee, R. (2021). Development of a High-Voltage, Low Temperature Molten Sodium Battery [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1887726 Publication ID: 75712
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). A high-voltage, low-temperature molten sodium battery enabled by metal halide catholyte chemistry. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100489 Publication ID: 78965
  • Percival, S.J., Russo, S., Priest, C., Hill, R.C., Ohlhausen, J.A., Small, L., Rempe, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Bio-inspired incorporation of phenylalanine enhances ionic selectivity in layer-by-layer deposited polyelectrolyte films. Soft Matter, 17(26), pp. 6315-6325. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM00134E Publication ID: 79392
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., & Rodriguez, M.A. (2021). Hybrid Solid State ?Chaperone? Phases to Improve Solid State Sodium Electrolytes [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1870279 Publication ID: 78601
  • Meyerson, M., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Redox Mediated Li-S Flow Battery for Grid Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1867346 Publication ID: 78380
  • Meyerson, M., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Mediated Lithium-Sulfur Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1862763 Publication ID: 77978
  • Small, L., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Materials Development for High-Performance Interfaces in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1862764 Publication ID: 77979
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). High-Performance Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries Enabled by Improved Charge Transfer Across Interfaces [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1863516 Publication ID: 78072
  • Hyder, A.H.M.G., Morales, B.A., Cappelle, M.A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Spoerke, E., Rempe, S., Walker, W.S., & Walker, W.S. (2021). Evaluation of electrodialysis desalination performance of novel bioinspired and conventional ion exchange membranes with sodium chloride feed solutions. Membranes, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030217 Publication ID: 77846
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3Molten Salt System: A Redox-Active, Low-Temperature Molten Salt Electrolyte. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 168(3). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abebae Publication ID: 77641
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Applied Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1861977 Publication ID: 77904
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System: Implications for Applied Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1861966 Publication ID: 77905
  • Henkelis, S., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rademacher, D.X., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2021). Continuous mof membrane-based sensors via functionalization of interdigitated electrodes. Membranes, 11(3), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030176 Publication ID: 77545
  • Cammack, C., Pratt, H., Small, L., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2021). A higher voltage Fe(ii) bipyridine complex for non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Dalton Transactions, 50(3), pp. 858-868. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0dt03927f Publication ID: 71247
  • Small, L., Henkelis, S., Rademacher, D.X., Schindelholz, M.E., Krumhansl, J.L., Vogel, D., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2020). Near-Zero Power MOF-Based Sensors for NO2 Detection. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(50). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006598 Publication ID: 74624
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1831360 Publication ID: 71751
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829554 Publication ID: 71549
  • hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Peretti, A., & Peretti, A. (2020). Mechanical characterization of montmorillonite sodium ion conductors [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1831593 Publication ID: 71580
  • Lambert, T., Spoerke, E., Fujimoto, C., Anderson, T., Frischknecht, A., Small, L., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2020). GRID ENERGY STORAGE R&D AT SANDIA [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1832676 Publication ID: 71865
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Molten Salt Catholytes for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Ba:eries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1830073 Publication ID: 71641
  • hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Peretti, A., & Peretti, A. (2020). Mechanical characterization of montmorillonite sodium ion conductors [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1830077 Publication ID: 71646
  • Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Engineering Ceramic Electrolyte Interfaces for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829259 Publication ID: 71532
  • Gross, M., Small, L., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Tin-based ionic chaperone phases to improve low temperature molten sodium-NaSICON interfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8(33), pp. 17012-17018. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03571h Publication ID: 74006
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Development of High Performance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820269 Publication ID: 74781
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., hill, R., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Solid State Ion Conductors to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822304 Publication ID: 70944
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Implementing Low Temperature Strategies to Advance ?Really Cool? Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822305 Publication ID: 70945
  • Schindelholz, M.E., Small, L., Nenoff, T.M., Henkelis, S., & Henkelis, S. (2020). Nanoporous-Based Sensors for Electrical Detection of Gaseous Pollutants [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822310 Publication ID: 70950
  • Small, L., Gross, M., Lee, R.Y., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., hill, R., Chen, Y., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820561 Publication ID: 74836
  • Anderson, T., Cammack, C., Small, L., Pratt, H., & Pratt, H. (2020). Higher Voltage Iron Bipyridines for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820893 Publication ID: 74839
  • Small, L. (2020). Mediated Lithium-Sulfur Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820895 Publication ID: 74841
  • Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Advancing Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries by Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Electrolytes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820900 Publication ID: 74845
  • hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Peretti, A., & Peretti, A. (2020). Mechanical and Microstructural characterization of Montmorillonite (MMT) Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821073 Publication ID: 74851
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Sodium Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821079 Publication ID: 74858
  • hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Peretti, A., & Peretti, A. (2020). Multi-scale Characterization of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821098 Publication ID: 74880
  • Cammack, C., Pratt, H., Small, L., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2020). Tunable Iron(II) Bipyridine Complexes for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821285 Publication ID: 74890
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., hill, R., Chang, Y., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821830 Publication ID: 74950
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Molten Sodium Batteries. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1763564 Publication ID: 73578
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Gross, M., Schindelholz, E., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S., Nelson, D., Russo, S., hill, R., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Controlling Ion Transport in Multilayered Polymer Composites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1768365 Publication ID: 72813
  • Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Separators in Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761599 Publication ID: 70785
  • Nenoff, T.M., Henkelis, S., Vogel, D., Rimsza, J.M., Small, L., Lively, R., page, K., & page, K. (2020). Acid Gas Stability Selectivity and Sensing with Rare Earth DOBDC MOFs [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1762561 Publication ID: 70798
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Synthetic Designs For Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1762817 Publication ID: 70835
  • Nenoff, T.M., Henkelis, S., Krumhansl, J.L., Small, L., Schindelholz, M.E., & Schindelholz, M.E. (2020). Direct Electrical Detection of Target Environmental Gases by a Zeolite and MOF Based Sensors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1764333 Publication ID: 71362
  • Percival, S.J., Gross, M., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Advances in Low Temperature Molten Sodium Halide Catholytes for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643302 Publication ID: 66357
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Gross, M., Schindelholz, E., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S., Nelson, D., Russo, S., & Russo, S. (2019). The Ion Seeps Tonight: Assessing Ionic Transport in Multilayered Nanocomposites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643247 Publication ID: 66212
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Tailoring Materials Chemistry to Advance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642901 Publication ID: 65636
  • Pratt, H., Small, L., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2019). Diagnostics for Failure Modes in Non-Aqueous Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642760 Publication ID: 65531
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2019). Elucidating Molecular Transport through Membranes in Flow Batteries [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1646004 Publication ID: 65087
  • Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium-Based Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643658 Publication ID: 65155
  • Russo, S., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Priest, C.W., Rempe, S., Ohlhausen, J.A., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Bio-Inspired Selective Ion Transport Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642048 Publication ID: 64979
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Really Cool Molten Sodium Batteries: Material Innovations to Enable Low Temperature Operation [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642049 Publication ID: 64980
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2019). Elucidating Molecular Transport through Membranes in Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1662014 Publication ID: 65004
  • Small, L., Hill, R.C., Krumhansl, J.L., Schindelholz, M.E., Chen, Z., Chapman, K.W., Zhang, X., Yang, S., Schröder, M., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2019). Reversible MOF-Based Sensors for the Electrical Detection of Iodine Gas. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 11(31), pp. 27982-27988. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b09938 Publication ID: 66181
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1641790 Publication ID: 64617
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Schindelholz, M.E., Krumhansl, J.L., Rademacher, D.X., & Rademacher, D.X. (2019). Direct Electrical Detection of Target Gases by a Zeolite and MOF Based Sensors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1640717 Publication ID: 69066
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Materials Advances to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645408 Publication ID: 69113
  • Small, L., Krumhansl, J.L., Rademacher, D.X., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2019). Iodine detection in Ag-mordenite based sensors: Charge conduction pathway determinations. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 280, pp. 82-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.01.051 Publication ID: 60323
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Low Temperature Molten Sodium-Based Batteries for Large Scale Electrical Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1640195 Publication ID: 68817
  • Percival, S.J., Russo, S., Hill, R., Peretti, A., Small, L., Rempe, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639715 Publication ID: 68135
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Bock, J., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Small, L., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Adapting Processing and Structure Toward Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639852 Publication ID: 68222
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2019). Crossover Mechanisms in Polymer Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639860 Publication ID: 68247
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2019). Ions on the Loose: Quantifying Crossover in Aqueous Soluble Organic Redox Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639776 Publication ID: 68084
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., & Lamb, J. (2019). Molten Sodium Batteries: Promise for Advancing Grid-Scale Battery Utility [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639393 Publication ID: 67458
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2019). Crossover in membranes for aqueous soluble organic redox flow batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 166(12), pp. A2536-A2542. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0681912jes Publication ID: 66131
  • Anderson, T., Small, L., Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., & Fujimoto, C. (2019). Sandia Flow Battery Prototyping and Testing [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1593529 Publication ID: 64376
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Advancing ?Low? Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1582247 Publication ID: 64174
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Bock, J., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Small, L., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Rethinking Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors for Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1595911 Publication ID: 64470
  • Small, L. (2019). Standardization Requirements for Redox Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1597576 Publication ID: 64754
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., lamb, J., & lamb, J. (2018). Tailoring Molten Sodium-Halide Battery Chemistry for Safe Low Temperature Rechargeable Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761122 Publication ID: 60381
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Schroder, M., yang, S., & yang, S. (2018). Direct Electrical Detection of Target Gases by a Novel Metal-Organic- Framework-Based Sensor [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761127 Publication ID: 60391
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Dickens, S., Allcorn, E., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2018). Materials Advances for Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1567825 Publication ID: 59162
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Schindelholz, M.E., & Schindelholz, M.E. (2018). Nanoporous-Based Sensors for Electrical Detection of Degradation Products [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1561735 Publication ID: 64151
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Chapman, K., Sava Gallis, D., Rodriguez, M.A., & Rodriguez, M.A. (2018). Fission Gas Separations: Tying the nanoscale science to bulk scale energy and environmental applications [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1594668 Publication ID: 59295
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2018). Relating Membrane Materials Properties to Crossover Mechanisms in Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1592319 Publication ID: 59084
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2018). Ions on the Loose: Quantifying Crossover in Aqueous Soluble Organic Redox Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1592320 Publication ID: 59085
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Allcorn, E., Chalamala, B.R., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Molten Salt Catholyte Development for Low Temperature Na-Halide Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1569131 Publication ID: 59112
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2018). Sodium Ion-Conducting Separator Development [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806864 Publication ID: 59119
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., chapman, K., chupas, P., Zhao, H., beyer, B., & beyer, B. (2018). Nanoparticles and Zeolites for Environmental Applications [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1569683 Publication ID: 63047
  • Lobeck, H., Nenoff, T.M., Boyle, T., Small, L., Meserole, S., & Meserole, S. (2018). Exploring the Applications and Detection of Uranyl Peroxide Nanoscale Cage Clusters [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806752 Publication ID: 63344
  • Unangst, J., Nenoff, T.M., Boyle, T., Small, L., Chou, S., & Chou, S. (2018). Salophen Sol-Gel Hybrid Material for the Aqueous Sensing of Actinyl Ions [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806753 Publication ID: 63345
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., & Small, L. (2018). Direct Electrical Detection of Target Gases by a Novel Metal-Organic- Framework-Based Sensor [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1573760 Publication ID: 63452
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., chapman, K., Chupas, P., Zhao, H., k.a., B., Newton, M., & Newton, M. (2018). Nanoparticles and Zeolites in Environmental Applications [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1573761 Publication ID: 63453
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Intermediate Temperature Sodium Batteries Enabled by an Inorganic Molten Catholyte [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1524265 Publication ID: 61993
  • Small, L., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2018). Using Impedance Spectroscopy to Detect the Selective Sorption of Iodine by MOF ZIF-8 [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1513355 Publication ID: 62038
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Electrochemical Assessment of Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1511988 Publication ID: 61924
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rempe, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525588 Publication ID: 61939
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Staiger, C.L., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2018). Chemically Mediated Redox Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1504818 Publication ID: 61339
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Polyelectrolytes for Selective Ion Transport in Nanoporous Electrodialysis Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1505284 Publication ID: 61387
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Improving Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors for Next Generation Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1505285 Publication ID: 61388
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wheeler, J., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Ihlefeld, J., Blea-Kirby, M., & Blea-Kirby, M. (2018). Ionic Filtration of Spent Nuclear Fuel Products with Ceramic Ion Conducting Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525644 Publication ID: 61407
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Ihlefeld, J., Bell, N., McKenzie, B., Edney, C., Lu, P., & Lu, P. (2018). Relating NaSICON Chemistry and Microstructure to Ion Conducting Ceramic Separator Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525643 Publication ID: 61408
  • Small, L., Wheeler, J., Ihlefeld, J.F., Clem, P., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Enhanced alkaline stability in a hafnium-substituted NaSICON ion conductor. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(20), pp. 9691-9698. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA09924J Publication ID: 60325
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Spoerke, E., Rempe, S., & Rempe, S. (2018). Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition on nanoporous supports for ion selective membranes. RSC Advances, 8(57), pp. 32992-32999. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA05580G Publication ID: 59580
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Hattar, K., Taylor, C.A., Sava Gallis, D., Chapman, K., & Chapman, K. (2018). Tying nanoscale science to bulk scale energy and environment applications [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806503 Publication ID: 58873
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., & Small, L. (2017). Direct Electrical Detection of Iodine Gas by a Novel Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Sensor. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 9(51). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16381 Publication ID: 54021
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Sava Gallis, D., Greathouse, J.A., Parkes, M., Chapman, K., & Chapman, K. (2017). Light Gas Separations and Storage with MOFs; Tying the nanoscale science to bulk scale energy and environment applications [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1482309 Publication ID: 54142
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). A Materials Chemistry Approach to Safe Effective Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1484571 Publication ID: 54412
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477936 Publication ID: 53514
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Meeting Next Generation Challenges in Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477935 Publication ID: 53515
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Staiger, C.L., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2017). Chemically Mediated Redox Flow Batteries for Modular High Power Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477916 Publication ID: 53540
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2017). Advancing Sodium-Based Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1509660 Publication ID: 53353
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2017). Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Use in a Sodium Battery [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1508940 Publication ID: 53275
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., & Small, L. (2017). Tunable Impedance Spectroscopy Sensors via Selective Nanoporous Materials. https://doi.org/10.2172/1396079 Publication ID: 53218
  • Nenoff, T.M., Small, L., Chapman, K., Chupas, P., Zhao, H., Beyer, K., Nenoff, T.M., Lapidus, S., & Lapidus, S. (2017). Tuned Nanoporous Materials for High Selectivity Gas Sensor Devices a.k.a: The Capture and Storage of Iodine Species [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1464065 Publication ID: 57817
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Staiger, C.L., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2017). MetILs3: A Strategy for High Density Energy Storage Using Redox-Active Ionic Liquids. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 1(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201700066 Publication ID: 53074
  • Spoerke, E., Jones, B.H., Martinez, A., Small, L., Wheeler, D.R., Wheeler, J., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2017). Molecular Biomimicry: Imitating Nature in Responsive Supramolecular Materials [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1458432 Publication ID: 57038
  • Small, L., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2017). Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for use in a Sodium Battery [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1455335 Publication ID: 56801
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Read, A., & Read, A. (2017). Sodium-Based Batteries: Engineering Interfaces for Optimized Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456624 Publication ID: 55952
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Staiger, C.L., Fujimoto, C., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2017). MetILs3: A Strategy for Maximizing Energy Density in Flow Battery Electrolytes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456497 Publication ID: 55713
  • Small, L., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2017). Diazonium Functionalized Nanoporous Membranes for Electrochemically Switchable Ionic Separations [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456652 Publication ID: 55981
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Foster, M.E., Wheeler, J., Ullman, A., Stavila, V., Rodriguez, M.A., Allendorf, M., & Allendorf, M. (2017). MOF-Sensitized Solar Cells Enabled by a Pillared Porphyrin Framework. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(9), pp. 4816-4824. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11251 Publication ID: 53656
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Staiger, C.L., Martin, R., Anderson, T., Chalamala, B.R., Soundappan, T., Tiwari, M., Subarmanian, V., & Subarmanian, V. (2017). Vanadium Flow Battery Electrolyte Synthesis via Chemical Reduction of V2O5 in Aqueous HCl and H2SO4. https://doi.org/10.2172/1342368 Publication ID: 53009
  • Small, L., Eccleston, A., Lamb, J., Read, A.C., Robins, M., Meaders, T., Ingersoll, D., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2017). Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage. Journal of Power Sources, 360, pp. 569-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038 Publication ID: 57204
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wheeler, J., Clem, P., Lamb, J., Ingersoll, D., Eccleston, A., Bhavaraju, S., Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2017). Enabling Next Generation Sodium-Based Batteries with Engineered NaSICON Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1418100 Publication ID: 52881
  • Small, L., Brumbach, M., Clem, P., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2017). Deposition of tungsten metal by an immersion process. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 164(6), pp. D269-D274. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131706jes Publication ID: 55228
  • Small, L., Clem, P., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2016). Electroless Process for Depositing Tungsten Metal for Sodium Battery Electrodes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395613 Publication ID: 52383
  • Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., Small, L., & Small, L. (2016). Advanced Materials for Multi-Electron Redox Flow Batteries [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395616 Publication ID: 52389
  • Spoerke, E., Ingersoll, D., Clem, P., Small, L., Wheeler, J., Allcorn, E., Nagasubramanian, G., Lamb, J., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Read, A., & Read, A. (2016). Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Safe Reliable Cost-Effective Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1376778 Publication ID: 51743
  • Small, L., Anderson, T., Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., & Fujimoto, C. (2016). Materials for Multi-Electron Redox Flow Processes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1377707 Publication ID: 51689
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2016). MetILs: Energy Dense Metal Ionic Liquids [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1364824 Publication ID: 49047
  • Anderson, T., Small, L., Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., & Fujimoto, C. (2016). Advances in Materials for Ionic Liquid Flow Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1364828 Publication ID: 49051
  • Hess, R., Boyle, T., Lambert, T., Kammler, D., Small, L., Sears, J., & Sears, J. (2016). Recycling Rare Earth Elements Using Ionic Liquids: An Electrochemical Approach [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1347170 Publication ID: 48832
  • Spoerke, E., Wheeler, J., Small, L., Ihlefeld, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2016). Tailoring Materials Chemistry for Improved Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1364874 Publication ID: 49088
  • Small, L., Hess, R., Lambert, T., Vigil, J., Boyle, T., Sears, J., Kelly, M., & Kelly, M. (2016). Electrochemical REcycling of Erbium using Ionic Liquids [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1366671 Publication ID: 49091
  • Sears, J., Boyle, T., Hess, R., Small, L., & Small, L. (2016). Fundamental Coordination Chemistry for the REcycle Efforts of Scandium [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1347472 Publication ID: 48860
  • Small, L., Pratt, H., Fujimoto, C., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2016). Diels alder polyphenylene anion exchange membrane for nonaqueous redox flow batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 163(1), pp. A5106-A5111. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0141601jes Publication ID: 45064
  • Boyle, T., Hess, R., Lambert, T., Small, L., Alam, T.M., Sears, J., Yonemoto, D., Fasulo, F., Cramer, R., Neville, M., & Neville, M. (2016). RE-cycle Efforts for Nationally Critical Elements: Fundamental Coordination Chemistry of Scandium [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1343237 Publication ID: 46922
  • Small, L., Sears, J., Lambert, T., Boyle, T., Hess, R., & Hess, R. (2016). Electroreduction of Er3+ in nonaqueous solvents. RSC Advances, 6(92), pp. 89564-89571. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA15061F Publication ID: 50559
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wheeler, D.R., Martinez, A., VanDelinder, V., Bachand, G.D., Rempe, S., & Rempe, S. (2016). “Eel-ectrifying” Membranes: Toward the development of biomimetic ion-based energy storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340561 Publication ID: 46748
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wheeler, J., Martinez, A., VanDelinder, V., Bachand, G.D., Rempe, S., & Rempe, S. (2015). Electric Eels: Bizarre Natural Phenomena or Inspiration for Novel Nanocomposite Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1331858 Publication ID: 46495
  • Anderson, T., Fujimoto, C., Pratt, H., Small, L., & Small, L. (2015). Adv. Materials for Ionic Liquid Flow Battery [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1323039 Publication ID: 45380
  • Spoerke, E., Allendorf, M., Foster, M.E., Zarkesh, R.A., Stavila, V., Leong, K., Small, L., Wheeler, J., George, S., Lancaster, D., & Lancaster, D. (2015). MOF@ALD: A New Integrated Materials Platform to Improve Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1258209 Publication ID: 43566
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wheeler, J., Lambert, T., Foster, M.E., Stavila, V., Leong, K., Allendorf, M., & Allendorf, M. (2015). Light-Harvesting Metal-Organic Frameworks: Long-Range Ordered Structures for Next Generation Dye Sensitized Solar Cells [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1246883 Publication ID: 42865
  • VanDelinder, V., Wheeler, D.R., Small, L., Brumbach, M.T., Spoerke, E., Henderson, I., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2015). Simple, Benign, Aqueous-Based Amination of Polycarbonate Surfaces. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 7(10), pp. 5643-5649. https://doi.org/10.1021/am508797h Publication ID: 38570
  • Hess, R., Boyle, T., Lambert, T., Kammler, D., Small, L., Sears, J., Cook, A., Brumbach, M., & Brumbach, M. (2015). Recycling of the nationally critical element erbium: electrochemical reduction of erbium coordination compounds in ionic liquids [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1244449 Publication ID: 42596
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wolf, S., Wheeler, J., Foster, M.E., Stavila, V., Leong, K., Allendorf, M., & Allendorf, M. (2015). Solar MOFs: Supramolecular Materials to Enable Next Generation Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1244895 Publication ID: 41258
  • Hudak, N.S., Small, L., Pratt, H., Anderson, T., & Anderson, T. (2015). Through-plane conductivities of membranes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162(10), pp. A2188-A2194. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0901510jes Publication ID: 43590
  • Spoerke, E., Wheeler, J., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Ihlefeld, J., Blea-Kirby, M., Small, L., Johnson, L., Waldrip, K., & Waldrip, K. (2015). Ceramic Ion Filters for Mixed Waste Separations [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1504117 Publication ID: 41348
  • Small, L., Hibbs, M., Wheeler, D.R., & Wheeler, D.R. (2014). Spontaneous aryldiazonium film formation on 440c stainless steel in nonaqueous environments. Langmuir, 30(47), pp. 14212-14218. https://doi.org/10.1021/la503630f Publication ID: 39034
  • Small, L., Apblett, C., Brennecka, G., Ihlefeld, J., Duquette, D., & Duquette, D. (2014). Degradation of Thin Film Pb(ZrTi)O3 in H2SO4 [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1242708 Publication ID: 39647
  • VanDelinder, V., Wheeler, D.R., Small, L., Spoerke, E., Henderson, I., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2014). Simple aqueous-based amination of polycarbonate surfaces [Presentation]. https://doi.org/10.1021/am508797h Publication ID: 38519
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Wolf, S., & Wolf, S. (2014). Electrochromics: Eye-Catching Materials to Introduce Students to Research. Journal of Chemical Education. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1141204 Publication ID: 39179
  • Small, L., Spoerke, E., Wolf, S., VanDelinder, V., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2014). Electrochromism vs. the Bugs:DevelopingWO3 Thin Film Windows toControl Photoactive Biological Systems [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1140534 Publication ID: 36899
  • Spoerke, E., Bell, N., Edney, C., Wheeler, J., Small, L., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2014). “Phased and Confused”: Exploring the Evolution of Phase Chemistry in Sol-gel NaSICON Synthesis [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1140499 Publication ID: 36910
  • Small, L. (2014). Influence of Analysis Method on the Experimentally Observed Capacitance at the Gold-Ionic Liquid Interface. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 161(4). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.094404jes Publication ID: 36863
  • Small, L. (2013). Influence of Analysis Method on the Experimentally Observed Capacitance of the Gold-Ionic Liquid Interface. Electrochemistry Communications. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1121907 Publication ID: 31793
  • Small, L., Spoerke, E., Wolf, S., Bachand, G.D., VanDelinder, V., & VanDelinder, V. (2013). Electrochemical Design of Solid-Liquid Interfaces [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1675275 Publication ID: 31856
  • Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2013). Conical Nanopores Fabricated via a Pressured-Biased Chemical Etch. Small. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1109065 Publication ID: 35525
  • Brennecka, G., Ihlefeld, J., Meyer, K., Small, L., & Small, L. (2013). Chemical and Thermal Effects on Phase Evolution and Cation Gradients in Solution-Derived Thin Film Ferroelectrics [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1140561 Publication ID: 34714
  • Ihlefeld, J., Brennecka, G., Small, L., Apblett, C., & Apblett, C. (2013). Examining the effects of charge defects on domain switching in thin film PZT via controlled neutron irradiation [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1063495 Publication ID: 31379
  • Brennecka, G., Brumbach, M., Apblett, C., Ihlefeld, J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2012). On the Degradation Processes of Thin Film PZT in 0.1 N H2SO4. Proposed for publication in Journal of the Electrochemical Society.. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1063407 Publication ID: 31160
  • Brennecka, G., Ihlefeld, J., Small, L., Apblett, C., & Apblett, C. (2012). Neutron irradiation effects on domain wall mobility and reversibility in lead zirconate titanate thin films. Proposed for publication in Journal of Applied Physics.. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1062342 Publication ID: 30628
  • Graham, J., Small, L., Ihlefeld, J., Brennecka, G., Kotula, P., & Kotula, P. (2012). The Role of Adhesion Layer Material on Ferroelectric Response in PZT Thin Films [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1073401 Publication ID: 29114
  • Small, L., Apblett, C., Brennecka, G., Ihlefeld, J., & Ihlefeld, J. (2012). Electrochemical response of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 in H2SO4 [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1294009 Publication ID: 29139
  • Ihlefeld, J., Brennecka, G., Apblett, C., Small, L., Graham, J., & Graham, J. (2012). Enabling Self-Powered Ferroelectric Nanosensors: Fundamental Science of Interfacial Effects in Extreme Environments [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1140358 Publication ID: 29176
  • Brennecka, G., Ihlefeld, J., Apblett, C., Small, L., & Small, L. (2012). Electrochemical Response of Pb(ZrTi)O3 Thin Films [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1062885 Publication ID: 25929
  • Ihlefeld, J., Brennecka, G., Apblett, C., Small, L., Graham, J., & Graham, J. (2011). Enabling Self-Powered Ferroelectric Nanosensors: Fundamental Science of Interfacial Effects in Extreme Environments [Conference]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1120198 Publication ID: 23730
Showing 10 of 173 publications.

Patents & Trademarks

J.A. Bock, E.D. Spoerke, H.J. Brown-Shaklee, L.J. Small Solution-Assisted Densification of NaSICON Ceramics US Patent Application, # 62/963,980, Jan. 21, 2020.

E.D. Spoerke, M.M. Gross, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small Surface Treatments of NaSICON Ceramics for Improved Sodium Electrochemical Interfaces US Patent Application # 62/940,697, Nov. 26, 2019.

E.D. Spoerke, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small Molten Inorganic Electrolytes for Low Temperature Sodium Batteries US Patent Application # 16/564,751. Sep. 2019.

L.J. Small, E. D. Spoerke Alternating Current Electrodialysis US Application # 16/691,333, Nov. 21, 2019.

L.J. Small, S.J. Percival, E.D. Spoerke Nanostructured polyelectrolytes for electrodialysis membranes US Application # 16/128,081, Jun. 10, 2020.

L.J. Small, T.M. Nenoff Sensor for the Direct Detection of Iodine, US Application # 15/937,298.

L.J. Small, H.D. Pratt, T.M. Anderson Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery Electrolyte Comprising an Ionic Liquid with a Metal Cation Coordinated to Redox-Active Ligands US Patent No. 10,305,133 B2, May 28, 2019.

L.J. Small, P.G. Clem, E.D. Spoerke Electroless Process for Depositing Refractory Metals US Patent No. 10,263,241 B2, Apr. 16, 2019.

E.D. Spoerke, P.G. Clem, J.S. Wheeler, L.J. Small, J.F. Ihlefeld Cation-enhanced chemical stability of ion-conducting zirconium-based ceramics US Patent No. 9,988,312 B2, June 5, 2018.

E.D. Spoerke, J F. Ihlefeld, K. Waldrip, J.S. Wheeler, H.J Brown-Shaklee, L.J. Small, D.R. Wheeler Electrochemical Ion Separation in Molten Salts US Patent No. 9,847,149 B2. Dec. 19, 2017.

L.J. Small, D.R. Wheeler, E.D. Spoerke Method to Fabricate Functionalized Conical Nanopores US Patent No. 9,387,444 B2, July 12, 2016.