Erik Spoerke

Materials Scientist, Battery Materials Lead

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Materials Scientist, Battery Materials Lead

edspoer@sandia.gov

(505) 284-1932

Biography

Erik D. Spoerke, Ph.D. is the Energy Storage Materials Thrust Lead in Sandia National Laboratories’ Grid Energy Storage Program, a Principal R&D Materials Scientist in the Electronic, Optical, and Nano Materials Department at Sandia, and a Research Associate Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Erik’s widely published and patented research efforts span a diverse materials portfolio, with an emphasis on combining elements of chemistry, materials science and biology to explore and develop functional materials ranging from novel electrochemical materials to synthetic biological analogs and functional supramolecular thin films. He has a passion for energy-related related research, including a wide range of battery-based and other energy storage technologies, particularly for grid-scale and long-duration applications. He currently serves on the DOE Energy Storage Grand Challenge National Laboratory Leadership Team, working to support the advance of reliable domestic energy storage, and he is active in several other NM-based and national efforts to drive resilient energy initiatives.

Research Interests

  • Energy Storage Materials Science – particularly related to batteries (e.g., Na-batteries) and Long-Duration Energy Storage
  • Ionic Materials
  • Bio-inspired Materials – particularly supramolecular and peptide-based materials
  • Renewable Energy
  • Materials for Sustainability, Decarbonization, and Energy Efficiency
  • Multidisciplinary/Hybrid/Composite Materials

Education

  • Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University (Evanston, Illinois), 2003
  • B.S. in Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University (Evanston, Illinois), 1998

Google Scholar

Erik Spoerke, Ph.D.

Publications

  • Leverant, C.J., Richards, D., Spoerke, E.D., Alcala, R., Percival, S.J., Vanegas, J.M., Rempe, S.B., & Rempe, S.B. (2024). Nanoconfinement of Carbon Dioxide within Interfacial Aqueous/Ionic Liquid Systems. Langmuir, 40(20), pp. 10615-10622. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00542 Publication ID: 124912
  • Hill, R.C., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Cheng, Y.T., & Cheng, Y.T. (2024). Shorting at Long Duration: Impact of Extended Discharge Capacity on Battery Solid Electrolytes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 171(4). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3bec Publication ID: 124444
  • Hill, R.C., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2024). Molten sodium batteries: advances in chemistries, electrolytes, and interfaces. Frontiers in Batteries and Electrochemistry, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbael.2024.1369305 Publication ID: 124300
  • Hill, R.C., Peretti, A.S., Maraschky, A.M., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Cheng, Y.T., & Cheng, Y.T. (2024). Can a Coating Mitigate Molten Na Dendrite Growth in NaSICON Under High Current Density?. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 7(2), pp. 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02994 Publication ID: 122880
  • Sharma, A., Leverant, C.J., Richards, D., Beamis, C.P., Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., Rempe, S.B., Vanegas, J.M., & Vanegas, J.M. (2023). Transport and Energetics of Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquids at Aqueous Interfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 127(49), pp. 10573-10582. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05946 Publication ID: 124320
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2023). Aqueous Batteries: Transforming Prehistoric Chemistry to Meet Next Generation Storage Needs [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2463076 Publication ID: 131812
  • Maraschky, A.M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Bachman, W.B., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2023). Electrode Blocking Due to Redox Reactions in Aluminum Chloride-Sodium Iodide Molten Salts. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 170(6). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acd874 Publication ID: 106928
  • Spoerke, E.D., Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Meserole, S., Lowry, D.R., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2023). Developing Batteries Worth Their Salt: Technical Advances for Cost Effective Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2430893 Publication ID: 127068
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Maraschky, A.M., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2023). Sodium Penetration Through Solid-State NaSICON Electrolytes Under High Current [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431065 Publication ID: 127700
  • Bachman, W.B., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Meserole, S., Lee, R.Y., Williard, J.N., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2023). Molten Sodium Batteries: Lewis Acidity of AlCl3/NaI Catholyte Impedes NaSICON Interface [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431095 Publication ID: 127800
  • Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2023). Al-Fe Based Molten Salts for Long Duration Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431099 Publication ID: 127816
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2023). Energy Storage Technologies: Keys to Unlocking a Secure Energy Future [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431278 Publication ID: 128460
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Cheng, Y., Hill, R., & Hill, R. (2023). “Dirt Cheap” Energy Storage: Clay-Based Separators for Solid State Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431542 Publication ID: 129372
  • Spoerke, E.D., Hilmas, K., Castillo, N., Rempe, S.B., Bachand, G.D., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Ren, P., Gourary, J., Wait, E., & Wait, E. (2023). Bio-Inspired Polymeric Ion Capture for Critical Materials Harvesting [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431547 Publication ID: 129388
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2023). Molten Sodium Penetration Through NaSICON Electrolytes Under High Current [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431587 Publication ID: 129452
  • Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Lowry, D.R., Meserole, S., Lee, R.Y., Williard, J.N., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2023). Keep It Lewis-Basic: Stability of NaSICON Separators in AlCl3-NaI Catholytes for Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2431680 Publication ID: 129768
  • Hill, R., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Cheng, Y.T., & Cheng, Y.T. (2023). Molten Sodium Penetration in NaSICON Electrolytes at 0.1 A cm-2. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 6(4), pp. 2515-2523. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c03944 Publication ID: 123740
  • Rempe, S.B., Spoerke, E.D., Wait, E.E., Gourary, J., Ren, P., Liu, C., & Liu, C. (2023). Development of $\mathrm{AMOEBA}$ Polarizable Force Field for Rare-Earth La3+ Interaction with Bioinspired Ligands. Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, 127(6), pp. 1367-1375. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07237 Publication ID: 123756
  • Spoerke, E.D., Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Meserole, S., Lowry, D.R., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2023). sTable Salt Batteries: Understanding Materials Challenges to NaSICON Ceramics in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2432136 Publication ID: 131344
  • Spoerke, E.D., Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Meserole, S., Lowry, D.R., Lee, R., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Enabling Low-Cost Molten Sodium Batteries Through Engineered Catholyte-Separator Materials Chemistry [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2006186 Publication ID: 121456
  • Hill, R.C., Hempel, J., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2022). Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrochemical Characterization of NaSICON Sodium Ion Conductors [Poster] [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891742 Publication ID: 76191
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2022). Sodium-Based Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005354 Publication ID: 118864
  • Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Gross, M.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Optimizing the Current Collector for Sodium Iodide-Metal Halide Catholytes in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005413 Publication ID: 119092
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2022). Polyelectrolyte Slime: A Tool for Critical Materials Harvesting [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005630 Publication ID: 119660
  • Spoerke, E.D., Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Meserole, S., Lee, R., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Exploring a Battery Worth Its Salt: Ceramic-Salt Interactions in a Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Battery [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2005932 Publication ID: 120476
  • Spoerke, E.D., Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Gross, M.S., Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2004856 Publication ID: 118248
  • Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2022). Al-Fe Based Molten Salts for Long Duration Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2004858 Publication ID: 118256
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2022). Sodium Penetration Through Solid-State NaSICON Electrolytes Under High Current [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2006064 Publication ID: 120984
  • Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Keep It Lewis-Basic: Stability of NaSICON Separators in AlCl3-NaI Catholytes for Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2004042 Publication ID: 115424
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Cheng, Y., Hill, R., & Hill, R. (2022). “Dirt Cheap” Energy Storage: Clay-Based Separators for Solid State Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003592 Publication ID: 113684
  • Spoerke, E.D., Rempe, S.B., Bachand, G.D., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Hilmas, K., Ilgen, A.G., Xu, G., Ren, P., Gourary, J., & Gourary, J. (2022). Bio-Inspired Harvesting of Rare Earth Metals [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003593 Publication ID: 113688
  • Maraschky, A.M., Lee, R., Bachman, W.B., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Large-Scale Storage: Fundamental Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003015 Publication ID: 111532
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Hempel, J., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2022). Characterization of NaSICON Solid Electrolytes Exposed to Thermal and Electrochemical Cycling in Molten Sodium Environment [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003102 Publication ID: 111832
  • Spoerke, E.D., Bachman, W.B., Maraschky, A.M., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Molten Salt-Based Batteries for Safe, Reliable, Long-Duration Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003166 Publication ID: 112068
  • Ho, C.K., Quiroz-Arita, C.E., George, A., Hertz, K., Rimsza, J.M., Spoerke, E.D., Ambrosini, A., & Ambrosini, A. (2022). A Lifecycle Framework for Industrial Decarbonization [Conference Paper]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08786-8_19 Publication ID: 112284
  • Ho, C.K., Quiroz-Arita, C.E., George, A., Hertz, K., Rimsza, J.M., Spoerke, E.D., Ambrosini, A., & Ambrosini, A. (2022). A Lifecycle Framework for Industrial Decarbonization (poster) [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2003398 Publication ID: 112924
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2022). Beyond Batteries: Diverse ?Potential? Energy Storage Solutions for Long-Duration Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2002273 Publication ID: 110056
  • Maraschky, A.M., Lee, R.Y., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2022). Experimental and Modeling Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials to Enable Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2002532 Publication ID: 111044
  • Steinmetz, S.A., Delariva, A.T., Riley, C.R., Schrader, P., Datye, A., Spoerke, E.D., Kliewer, C., & Kliewer, C. (2022). Gas-Phase Hydrogen-Atom Measurement above Catalytic and Noncatalytic Materials during Ethane Dehydrogenation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 126(6), pp. 3054-3059. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09955 Publication ID: 80517
  • Hill, R., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Cheng, Y.T., & Cheng, Y.T. (2022). Characterizing mechanical and microstructural properties of novel montmorillonite-rich polyethylene composites. Journal of Materials Science, 57(6), pp. 4255-4264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06562-1 Publication ID: 76130
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Bachman, W.B., Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1905212 Publication ID: 77029
  • Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Lower Temperature, Lower Cost Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1905214 Publication ID: 77030
  • Maraschky, A.M., Lee, R.Y., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Experimental and Modeling Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials to Enable Low-temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1899262 Publication ID: 76708
  • Hill, R., Hempel, J., Cheng, Y., Peretti, A.S., Gross, M.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Structural and Mechanical Characterization of NaSICON Solid Electrolytes Upon Cycling in Molten Sodium [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1899668 Publication ID: 76839
  • Small, L.J., Lee, R., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Bachman, W.B., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Understanding Electrochemical Processes in Molten Salt Catholytes for Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1900348 Publication ID: 76973
  • Maraschky, A.M., Lee, R.Y., Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Low-temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Large-Scale Storage: Fundamental Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/2002993 Publication ID: 111452
  • Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Lee, R.Y., Maraschky, A.M., Bachman, W.B., Hill, R.C., Cheng, Y.T., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891601 Publication ID: 76176
  • Hill, R., Hempel, J., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2021). Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrochemical Characterization of NaSICON Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891741 Publication ID: 76192
  • Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891984 Publication ID: 76231
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Rodriguez, M.A., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Developing ?Really Cool? Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1892161 Publication ID: 76253
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Sodium-Based Batteries and Long-Duration Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1894433 Publication ID: 76427
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Advancing the Promise of Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1887345 Publication ID: 75635
  • Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Rodriguez, M.A., Lamb, J., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Lee, R.Y., & Lee, R.Y. (2021). Development of a High-Voltage, Low Temperature Molten Sodium Battery [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1887726 Publication ID: 75712
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Materials Chemistry in Battery Energy Storage: A Key to Unlocking Our ?Potential? Energy Future [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1888383 Publication ID: 75814
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Long-Duration Energy Storage: Emerging Technologies and Applications [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1889351 Publication ID: 75901
  • Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). A high-voltage, low-temperature molten sodium battery enabled by metal halide catholyte chemistry. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100489 Publication ID: 78965
  • Percival, S.J., Russo, S., Priest, C., Hill, R.C., Ohlhausen, J.A., Small, L.J., Rempe, S.B., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Bio-inspired incorporation of phenylalanine enhances ionic selectivity in layer-by-layer deposited polyelectrolyte films. Soft Matter, 17(26), pp. 6315-6325. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00134e Publication ID: 79392
  • Spoerke, E.D., san Marchi, C., Lafleur, A., & Lafleur, A. (2021). Hydrogen?s Contributions to a Clean Long-Duration Energy Future [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1875031 Publication ID: 79055
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Rodriguez, M.A., & Rodriguez, M.A. (2021). Hybrid Solid State ?Chaperone? Phases to Improve Solid State Sodium Electrolytes [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1870279 Publication ID: 78601
  • Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Materials Development for High-Performance Interfaces in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1862764 Publication ID: 77979
  • Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A.S., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). High-Performance Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries Enabled by Improved Charge Transfer Across Interfaces [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1863516 Publication ID: 78072
  • Lambert, T.N., Schorr, N.B., Arnot, D.J., Lim, M., Bell, N.S., Bruck, A.M., Duay, J., Kelly, M., Habing, R., Ricketts, L.S., Vigil, J.A., Gallaway, J., Kolesnichenko, I.V., Budy, S.M., Ruiz, E.I., Yadav, G., Weiner, M., Upreti, A., Huang, J., … Chalamala, B.R. (2021). Advances in Alkaline Conversion Batteries for Grid Storage Applications [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1865569 Publication ID: 78231
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3Molten Salt System: A Redox-Active, Low-Temperature Molten Salt Electrolyte. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 168(3). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abebae Publication ID: 77641
  • Rempe, S.B., Hyder, A.G., Morales, B.A., Cappelle, M.A., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Walker, W.S., & Walker, W.S. (2021). Evaluation of electrodialysis desalination performance of novel bioinspired and conventional ion exchange membranes with sodium chloride feed solutions. Membranes, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030217 Publication ID: 77846
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Applied Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1861977 Publication ID: 77904
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System: Implications for Applied Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1861966 Publication ID: 77905
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Coker, E.N., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829554 Publication ID: 71549
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2020). Mechanical characterization of montmorillonite sodium ion conductors [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1831593 Publication ID: 71580
  • Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Molten Salt Catholytes for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Ba:eries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1830073 Publication ID: 71641
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2020). Mechanical characterization of montmorillonite sodium ion conductors [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1830077 Publication ID: 71646
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Coker, E.N., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1831360 Publication ID: 71751
  • Lambert, T.N., Spoerke, E.D., Fujimoto, C., Anderson, T.M., Frischknecht, A.L., Small, L.J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2020). GRID ENERGY STORAGE R&D AT SANDIA [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1832676 Publication ID: 71865
  • Gordon, M., Spoerke, E.D., Armijo, K.M., Sorensen, N.R., & Sorensen, N.R. (2020). Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites for PV barrier materials [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1832723 Publication ID: 71900
  • Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Engineering Ceramic Electrolyte Interfaces for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829259 Publication ID: 71532
  • Gross, M.S., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Tin-based ionic chaperone phases to improve low temperature molten sodium-NaSICON interfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8(33), pp. 17012-17018. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03571h Publication ID: 74006
  • Schindelholz, E., Spoerke, E.D., Grunlan, J., Melia, M.A., Percival, S.J., Qin, S., Barrick, E., Alexander, C., Nelson, D., & Nelson, D. (2020). Ultrathin corrosion barrier films enabled by layer-by-layer polymer clay nanocomposites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822303 Publication ID: 70942
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Coker, E.N., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Hill, R., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Solid State Ion Conductors to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822304 Publication ID: 70944
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Implementing Low Temperature Strategies to Advance ?Really Cool? Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822305 Publication ID: 70945
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Advancing Sodium Batteries through the DOE Office of Electricity [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1823228 Publication ID: 71020
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Advancing Sodium Batteries through the DOE Office of Electricity [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1823389 Publication ID: 71042
  • Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Development of High Performance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820269 Publication ID: 74781
  • Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Lee, R.Y., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A.S., Hill, R.C., Chen, Y.T., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820561 Publication ID: 74836
  • Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Advancing Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries by Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Electrolytes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820900 Publication ID: 74845
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2020). Mechanical and Microstructural characterization of Montmorillonite (MMT) Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821073 Publication ID: 74851
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Sodium Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821079 Publication ID: 74858
  • Hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., & Peretti, A.S. (2020). Multi-scale Characterization of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821098 Publication ID: 74880
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Hill, R., Chang, Y., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821830 Publication ID: 74950
  • Ho, C.K., Atcitty, S., Bauer, S.J., Borneo, D.R., Byrne, R.H., Chalamala, B.R., Lamb, J., Lambert, T.N., Schenkman, B.L., Spoerke, E.D., Zimmerman, J.A., & Zimmerman, J.A. (2020). A Review of Sandia Energy Storage Research Capabilities and Opportunities (2020 to 2030). https://doi.org/10.2172/1669734 Publication ID: 99948
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Molten Sodium Batteries. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1763564 Publication ID: 73578
  • Percival, S.J., Melia, M.A., Alexander, C.L., Nelson, D.W., Schindelholz, E.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Nanoscale thin film corrosion barriers enabled by multilayer polymer clay nanocomposites. Surface and Coatings Technology, 383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125228 Publication ID: 100100
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Schindelholz, E., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S.B., Nelson, D., Russo, S., Hill, R., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Controlling Ion Transport in Multilayered Polymer Composites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1768365 Publication ID: 72813
  • Gross, M.S., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2020). Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Separators in Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761599 Publication ID: 70785
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Coker, E.N., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., & Small, L.J. (2020). Synthetic Designs For Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1762817 Publication ID: 70835
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Toward Lower Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Grid Scale Applications [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643108 Publication ID: 66130
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Gross, M.S., Schindelholz, E., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S.B., Nelson, D., Russo, S., & Russo, S. (2019). The Ion Seeps Tonight: Assessing Ionic Transport in Multilayered Nanocomposites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643247 Publication ID: 66212
  • Percival, S.J., Gross, M.S., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Advances in Low Temperature Molten Sodium Halide Catholytes for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643302 Publication ID: 66357
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Tailoring Materials Chemistry to Advance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642901 Publication ID: 65636
  • Peretti, A.S., Coker, E.N., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M.S., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Ceramic Sodium Ion-Conducting Separator Processing [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642015 Publication ID: 64921
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645950 Publication ID: 64933
  • Russo, S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Priest, C.W., Rempe, S.B., Ohlhausen, J.A., Peretti, A.S., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Bio-Inspired Selective Ion Transport Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642048 Publication ID: 64979
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Really Cool Molten Sodium Batteries: Material Innovations to Enable Low Temperature Operation [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642049 Publication ID: 64980
  • Spoerke, E.D., Schindelholz, E., Armijo, K.M., Gordon, M., Percival, S.J., Nelson, D., Nguyen, H.A., Sorensen, N.R., Holder, K., Qin, S., Grunlan, J., & Grunlan, J. (2019). 2D-Dirt: A Low Tech Material with High Tech Potential [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642186 Publication ID: 65050
  • Peretti, A.S., Coker, E.N., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium-Based Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643658 Publication ID: 65155
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Engaging Academia: Creating Productive Networks [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1668906 Publication ID: 65253
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Halide Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1668923 Publication ID: 65275
  • Spoerke, E.D., Gross, M.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1641790 Publication ID: 64617
  • Bachand, G.D., Martinez, H., Imam, Z.I., Spoerke, E.D., Vandelinder, V., & Vandelinder, V. (2019). How non-bonding domains affect the active assembly of microtubule spools. Nanoscale, 11(24), pp. 11562-11568. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR02059D Publication ID: 68976
  • Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Materials Advances to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645408 Publication ID: 69113
  • Gordon, M., Burton, P.D., King, B.H., Spoerke, E.D., Schelhas, L., Moffitt, S., & Moffitt, S. (2019). Functional Nanostructured and Nano-Patterned Coatings for Photovoltaics in the DuraMAT Consortium [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1640058 Publication ID: 68597
  • Spoerke, E.D., Percival, J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Low Temperature Molten Sodium-Based Batteries for Large Scale Electrical Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1640195 Publication ID: 68817
  • Percival, S.J., Russo, S., Hill, R., Peretti, A.S., Small, L.J., Rempe, S.B., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2019). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639715 Publication ID: 68135
  • Spoerke, E.D., Russo, S., Jones, B.H., Martinez, A., McGrath, D., Bollinger, J., Stevens, M.J., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2019). Biomimetic Dynamic Supramolecular Assembly of Peptide Nanostructures [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639851 Publication ID: 68221
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Bock, J.A., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Small, L.J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Adapting Processing and Structure Toward Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639852 Publication ID: 68222
  • Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., & Lamb, J. (2019). Molten Sodium Batteries: Promise for Advancing Grid-Scale Battery Utility [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639393 Publication ID: 67458
  • Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Advancing ?Low? Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1582247 Publication ID: 64174
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Bock, J.A., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Small, L.J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Rethinking Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors for Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1595911 Publication ID: 64470
  • Spoerke, E.D., Jones, B.H., Martinez, A., Wheeler, J.S., Ting, C., Henderson, I., McKenzie, B., Vervacke, J., Stevens, M.J., & Stevens, M.J. (2018). Self-Assembly of Hierarchical Cellular Materials from Amphiphilic Triblock Peptides [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1576886 Publication ID: 60342
  • Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., & Lamb, J. (2018). Tailoring Molten Sodium-Halide Battery Chemistry for Safe Low Temperature Rechargeable Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761122 Publication ID: 60381
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Allcorn, E., Chalamala, B.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Molten Salt Catholyte Development for Low Temperature Na-Halide Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1569131 Publication ID: 59112
  • Spoerke, E.D., Peretti, A.S., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2018). Sodium Ion-Conducting Separator Development [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806864 Publication ID: 59119
  • Scrymgeour, D., Shank, J., Kaehr, B., Henry, M.D., Spoerke, E.D., Smith, S., Andreasen, J., Brown, R., Roberston, W., & Roberston, W. (2018). Random Laser Physical Unclonable Function. https://doi.org/10.2172/1488648 Publication ID: 59159
  • Spoerke, E.D., Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Peretti, A.S., Lamb, J., Dickens, S.M., Allcorn, E., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2018). Materials Advances for Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1567825 Publication ID: 59162
  • Schindelholz, E., Spoerke, E.D., Nguyen, H.A., Qin, S., Grunlan, J.C., & Grunlan, J.C. (2018). Extraordinary Corrosion Protection from Polymer-Clay Nanobrick Wall Thin Films. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 10(26), pp. 21799-21803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b05865 Publication ID: 62680
  • Allendorf, M.D., Foster, M.E., Spoerke, E.D., Domenico, J., Sohlberg, K., & Sohlberg, K. (2018). Effect of Solvent and Substrate on the Surface Binding Mode of Carboxylate-Functionalized Aromatic Molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(20), pp. 10846-10856. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01526 Publication ID: 60695
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Electrochemical Assessment of Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1511988 Publication ID: 61924
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Rempe, S.B., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525588 Publication ID: 61939
  • Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Intermediate Temperature Sodium Batteries Enabled by an Inorganic Molten Catholyte [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1524265 Publication ID: 61993
  • Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Polyelectrolytes for Selective Ion Transport in Nanoporous Electrodialysis Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1505284 Publication ID: 61387
  • Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Improving Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors for Next Generation Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1505285 Publication ID: 61388
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Ihlefeld, J., Blea-Kirby, M., & Blea-Kirby, M. (2018). Ionic Filtration of Spent Nuclear Fuel Products with Ceramic Ion Conducting Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525644 Publication ID: 61407
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Ihlefeld, J., Bell, N.S., McKenzie, B., Edney, C., Lu, P., & Lu, P. (2018). Relating NaSICON Chemistry and Microstructure to Ion Conducting Ceramic Separator Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525643 Publication ID: 61408
  • Allcorn, E., Nagasubramanian, G., Bachman, W.B., Spoerke, E.D., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2018). Elimination of active species crossover in a room temperature, neutral pH, aqueous flow battery using a ceramic NaSICON membrane. Journal of Power Sources, 378(C), pp. 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.041 Publication ID: 54771
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., Rempe, S.B., & Rempe, S.B. (2018). Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition on nanoporous supports for ion selective membranes. RSC Advances, 8(57), pp. 32992-32999. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA05580G Publication ID: 59580
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., Ihlefeld, J.F., Clem, P., & Clem, P. (2018). Enhanced alkaline stability in a hafnium-substituted NaSICON ion conductor. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(20), pp. 9691-9698. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA09924J Publication ID: 60325
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2018). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlCl3 molten salt system for use as catholyte in sodium metal batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 165(14), pp. A3531-A3536. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1191814jes Publication ID: 104712
  • Spoerke, E.D., Armijo, K.M., Schindelholz, E., Gordon, M., Nguyen, H.A., Sorensen, N.R., Holder, K., Qin, S., Grunlan, J., & Grunlan, J. (2017). Adding Some “Dirt” to “Clean” Energy: Applying Clay Nanocomposites in Solar Cells [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1482311 Publication ID: 54146
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). A Materials Chemistry Approach to Safe Effective Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1484571 Publication ID: 54412
  • Spoerke, E.D., Jones, B.H., Martinez, A., McGrath, D., Bollinger, J., Stevens, M.J., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2017). Bio-Inspired Dynamic Supramolecular Assembly Controlled through Molecular Conformation [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1484943 Publication ID: 54491
  • Nguyen, H.A., Spoerke, E.D., Kemp, N., Schindelholz, E., & Schindelholz, E. (2017). Ultrathin Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Films as Conformal Corrosion Barriers [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1509656 Publication ID: 53332
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2017). Advancing Sodium-Based Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1509660 Publication ID: 53353
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477936 Publication ID: 53514
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Meeting Next Generation Challenges in Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477935 Publication ID: 53515
  • Nguyen, H.A., Spoerke, E.D., Kemp, N., Schindelholz, E., & Schindelholz, E. (2017). Ultrathin Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Films as Conformal Corrosion Barriers [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1478160 Publication ID: 53567
  • Small, L.J., Percival, S.J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Use in a Sodium Battery [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1508940 Publication ID: 53275
  • Sasaki, D.Y., Bachand, G.D., Spoerke, E.D., Stevens, M.J., Vandelinder, V., Martinez, H., Bachand, M., Greene, A.C., Nabar, N., Paxton, W.F., & Paxton, W.F. (2017). Active Assembly of Dynamic and Adaptable Materials [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1508722 Publication ID: 58026
  • Spoerke, E.D., Bachand, G.D., Sasaki, D.Y., Stevens, M.J., Bollinger, J., Jones, B.H., Wheeler, J.S., Vervacke, J., Martinez, A., McGrath, D., & McGrath, D. (2017). Active Assembly of Dynamic and Adaptable Materials: Artificial Microtubules [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1469053 Publication ID: 58292
  • Nordlander, J., Yang, P., Spoerke, E.D., Winter, M.R., Stefan, D., Gough, D., & Gough, D. (2017). The Effect of Calcination and Milling on ZnO Varistor Powder Characteristics [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1507968 Publication ID: 57535
  • Hahn, M., Yang, P., Spoerke, E.D., McCade, D.E., Nordlander, J., & Nordlander, J. (2017). Mn Speciation and High Doping of ZnO Varistor Powder Experiments [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1508466 Publication ID: 57573
  • Small, L.J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for use in a Sodium Battery [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1455335 Publication ID: 56801
  • Spoerke, E.D., Jones, B.H., Martinez, A., Small, L.J., Wheeler, D.R., Wheeler, J.S., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2017). Molecular Biomimicry: Imitating Nature in Responsive Supramolecular Materials [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1458432 Publication ID: 57038
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Emerging Stationary Battery Technologies [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456431 Publication ID: 55680
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Read, A., & Read, A. (2017). Sodium-Based Batteries: Engineering Interfaces for Optimized Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456624 Publication ID: 55952
  • Small, L.J., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Diazonium Functionalized Nanoporous Membranes for Electrochemically Switchable Ionic Separations [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1456652 Publication ID: 55981
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Foster, M.E., Wheeler, J.S., Ullman, A., Stavila, V., Rodriguez, M.A., Allendorf, M.D., & Allendorf, M.D. (2017). MOF-Sensitized Solar Cells Enabled by a Pillared Porphyrin Framework. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(9), pp. 4816-4824. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11251 Publication ID: 53656
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Safety-by-Design in All-Inorganic Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1458287 Publication ID: 54965
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., Clem, P., Lamb, J., Ingersoll, D., Eccleston, A., Bhavaraju, S., Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2017). Enabling Next Generation Sodium-Based Batteries with Engineered NaSICON Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1418100 Publication ID: 52881
  • Small, L.J., Clem, P., Brumbach, M.T., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Deposition of tungsten metal by an immersion process. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 164(6), pp. D269-D274. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131706jes Publication ID: 55228
  • Small, L.J., Eccleston, A., Lamb, J., Read, A.C., Robins, M., Meaders, T., Ingersoll, D., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2017). Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage. Journal of Power Sources, 360(C), pp. 569-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038 Publication ID: 57204
  • Nordlander, J., Stefan, D., Yang, P., Spoerke, E.D., Gough, D., & Gough, D. (2016). The Effects of Calcination and Milling on Powder Characteristics and Electrical Behaviour of ZnO Varistor Materials [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1414732 Publication ID: 48310
  • Lu, P., Pan, W., Ihlefeld, J.F., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2016). Time-resolved atomic-scale chemical imaging for study of dynamic phase transformation in Li-rich layered cathode materials [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1405239 Publication ID: 47293
  • Small, L.J., Clem, P., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2016). Electroless Process for Depositing Tungsten Metal for Sodium Battery Electrodes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395613 Publication ID: 52383
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2016). Sodium-Based Battery Development [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395632 Publication ID: 52409
  • McCade, D.E., Nordlander, J., Gough, D., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2016). Two-Stage Synthesis and Processing of High-Field ZnO Varistors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1397113 Publication ID: 52554
  • Spoerke, E.D., Ingersoll, D., Clem, P., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., Allcorn, E., Nagasubramanian, G., Lamb, J., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Read, A., & Read, A. (2016). Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Safe Reliable Cost-Effective Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1376778 Publication ID: 51743
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2016). Thinking Small: Adopting Molecular Approaches to Tackle Big Problems [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1368747 Publication ID: 50395
  • Spoerke, E.D., Ihlefeld, J.F., Pan, W., & Pan, W. (2016). Fast Atomic-Scale Chemical Imaging of Crystalline Materials and Dynamic Phase Transformations. Nano Letters, 16(4), pp. 2728-2733. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00401 Publication ID: 42086
  • Spoerke, E.D., Jones, B.H., Wheeler, J.S., Martinez, A.M., Ting, C., Stevens, M.J., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2016). Molecular Biomimicry: Adapting Biological Form and Function in Synthetic Supramolecular Systems [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1365038 Publication ID: 49319
  • Spoerke, E.D., Jones, B.H., Martinez, A.M., Wheeler, J.S., Wheeler, D.R., Ting, C., Stevens, M.J., Bachand, G.D., & Bachand, G.D. (2016). Microtubule-Inspired Self-Assembly of Multifunctional Peptides [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1507253 Publication ID: 49320
  • Spoerke, E.D., Wheeler, J.S., Small, L.J., Ihlefeld, J.F., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2016). Tailoring Materials Chemistry for Improved Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1364874 Publication ID: 49088
  • Greene, A.C., Jones, B.H., Bachand, G.D., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2016). Creating robust and reversible cell-gel networks using boronic acid chemistry [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.1788 Publication ID: 48723
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wheeler, D.R., Martinez, A.M., Vandelinder, V., Bachand, G.D., Rempe, S.B., & Rempe, S.B. (2016). “Eel-ectrifying” Membranes: Toward the development of biomimetic ion-based energy storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340561 Publication ID: 46748
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Vandelinder, V., Rempe, S., Wheeler, D.R., Bachand, G.D., Brumbach, M.T., McKenzie, B., & McKenzie, B. (2016). Programmable Nanocomposite Membranes for Ion-Based Electrical Energy Storage. https://doi.org/10.2172/1599531 Publication ID: 105256
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., Martinez, A.M., Vandelinder, V., Bachand, G.D., Rempe, S.B., & Rempe, S.B. (2015). Electric Eels: Bizarre Natural Phenomena or Inspiration for Novel Nanocomposite Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1331858 Publication ID: 46495
  • Spoerke, E.D., Jones, B.H., Wheeler, J.S., Martinez, A.M., Ting, C., Stevens, M.J., & Stevens, M.J. (2015). Supramolecular Peptide Composite Assemblies: Mimicking Biological Form and Function in Synthetic Systems [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1331859 Publication ID: 46496
  • Rodriguez, M.A., Griego, J.J.M., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Blea-Kirby, M.A., Ihlefeld, J.F., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). X-ray powder diffraction study of La2LiTaO6. Powder Diffraction, 30(1), pp. 57-62. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84925123960&origin=inward Publication ID: 40805
  • Jones, B.H., Wheeler, D.R., Wheeler, J.S., Miller, L.L., Alam, T.M., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Isomer-sensitive deboronation in reductive aminations of aryl boronic acids. Tetrahedron Letters, 56(42), pp. 5731-5734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.006 Publication ID: 45396
  • Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Ion Selective Ceramics for Waste Separations. Input for Annual Accomplishments Report. https://doi.org/10.2172/1226518 Publication ID: 46114
  • Ingersoll, D., Nagasubramanian, G., Fenton, K.R., Spoerke, E.D., Bahavariju, S., & Bahavariju, S. (2015). Sodium-Based Battery Development [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1326204 Publication ID: 45590
  • Jones, B.H., Martinez, A.M., Wheeler, J.S., McKenzie, B., Miller, L.L., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). A multi-stimuli responsive, self-assembling, boronic acid dipeptide. Chemical Communications, 51(77), pp. 14532-14535. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC05207F Publication ID: 42530
  • Bachand, G.D., Spoerke, E.D., Sasaki, D.Y., Stevens, M.J., & Stevens, M.J. (2015). Active Assembly of Dynamic and Adaptable Materials: Active Protein Assemblies [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1291959 Publication ID: 44961
  • Spoerke, E.D., Bachand, G.D., Stevens, M.J., Sasaki, D.Y., & Sasaki, D.Y. (2015). Active Assembly of Dynamic and Adaptable Materials: Artificial Microtubules [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1531075 Publication ID: 45251
  • Ting, C., Jones, B.H., Frischknecht, A.L., Stevens, M.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Amphiphilic triblocks to control assembly of mixed or segregated bilayers and monolayers. Soft Matter, 11(34), pp. 6800-6807. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01447f Publication ID: 99168
  • Romero, E.D., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). AC-STEM studies of phase transformation/evolution of Li-rich layered cathode materials induced by battery charge-discharge cycling and by electron-beam irradiation [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340148 Publication ID: 44516
  • Jones, B.H., Martinez, A.M., Wheeler, J.S., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Surfactant-induced assembly of enzymatically-stable peptide hydrogels. Soft Matter, 11(18), pp. 3572-3580. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00522a Publication ID: 41967
  • Spoerke, E.D., Allendorf, M.D., Foster, M.E., Zarkesh, R.A., Stavila, V., Leong-Hau, K., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., George, S., Lancaster, D., & Lancaster, D. (2015). MOF@ALD: A New Integrated Materials Platform to Improve Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1258209 Publication ID: 43566
  • Bachand, G.D., Stevens, M.J., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Microtubule-based nanomaterials: Exploiting nature’s dynamic biopolymers. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 112(6), pp. 1065-1073. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25569 Publication ID: 42362
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wheeler, J.S., Lambert, T.N., Foster, M.E., Stavila, V., Leong-Hau, K., Allendorf, M.D., & Allendorf, M.D. (2015). Light-Harvesting Metal-Organic Frameworks: Long-Range Ordered Structures for Next Generation Dye Sensitized Solar Cells [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1246883 Publication ID: 42865
  • Jones, B.H., Martinez, A.M., Wheeler, J.S., McKenzie, B., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Responsive Self-Assembly of Boronic Acid-Functionalized Peptides [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1247103 Publication ID: 42883
  • Alam, T.M., Wheeler, J.S., Spoerke, E.D., Cygan, R.T., Bell, N.S., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2015). Mapping Sodium Jump Dynamic Distributions in NASICON Materials Using High Temperature 23Na NMR Spectroscopy Relaxation Measurements [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1248649 Publication ID: 42910
  • Bachand, G.D., Vandelinder, V., Wheeler, D.R., Small, L.J., Henderson, I.M., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Simple, Benign, Aqueous-Based Amination of Polycarbonate Surfaces. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 7(10), pp. 5643-5649. https://doi.org/10.1021/am508797h Publication ID: 38570
  • Jones, B.H., Martinez, A.M., Wheeler, J.S., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). Synthesis and Responsive Self-Assembly of Boronic Acid-Functionalized Peptides [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1504601 Publication ID: 42698
  • Lu, P., Spoerke, E.D., Romero, E.D., & Romero, E.D. (2015). Observation of electron-beam-induced phase evolution mimicking the effect of the charge-discharge cycle in Li-rich layered cathode materials used for Li ion batteries. Chemistry of Materials, 27(4), pp. 1375-1380. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm5045573 Publication ID: 39804
  • Spoerke, E.D., Small, L.J., Wolf, S., Wheeler, J.S., Foster, M.E., Stavila, V., Leong-Hau, K., Allendorf, M.D., & Allendorf, M.D. (2015). Solar MOFs: Supramolecular Materials to Enable Next Generation Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1244895 Publication ID: 41258
  • Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Bachman, W.B., Griego, J.J.M., Rodriguez, M.A., Ihlefeld, J.F., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2015). High-density Li5La3Ta2O12 (LLTO) ceramics for ion-selective [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1244927 Publication ID: 41316
  • Spoerke, E.D., Wheeler, J.S., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Ihlefeld, J.F., Bachman, W.B., Small, L.J., Johnson, L.E., Waldrip, K., & Waldrip, K. (2015). Ceramic Ion Filters for Mixed Waste Separations [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1504117 Publication ID: 41348
  • Alam, T.M., Bell, N.S., Spoerke, E.D., Cygan, R.T., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2015). Exploring the role of phosphate structural distortions on the sodium jump dynamics in NASICON phases [Conference Poster]. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.522 Publication ID: 42911
  • Ihlefeld, J.F., Kotula, P.G., Lu, P., McKenzie, B., Allen, A., Rye, M.J., Gough, D., Spoerke, E.D., Bachman, W.B., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Gauntt, B., Shelton, C.T., Brennecka, G., Meyer, K., & Meyer, K. (2014). Solution Chemistry Substrate and Processing Effects on the Chemical Heterogeneity in PZT Films [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1367592 Publication ID: 39470
  • Martinez, A.M., Jones, B.H., Spoerke, E.D., Wheeler, J.S., & Wheeler, J.S. (2014). Implementation of FTIR spectroscopy to characterize self-assembly in unique peptide sequences [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1563128 Publication ID: 38896
  • Jones, B.H., Martinez, A.M., Wheeler, J.S., McKenzie, B., Wheeler, D.R., Spoerke, E.D., & Spoerke, E.D. (2014). Self Assembly of Boronic Acid-Functionalized Peptides [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1241763 Publication ID: 38897
  • Spoerke, E.D., Bell, N.S., Edney, C., Wheeler, J.S., Cygan, R.T., Alam, T.M., Ihlefeld, J.F., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., & Ingersoll, D. (2014). A Multi-Scale Approach to Sodium-Based Battery Development [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1502618 Publication ID: 38324
Showing 10 of 200 publications.

Patents & Trademarks

E.D. Spoerke, M.M. Gross, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small Sodium Electrochemical Interfaces with NaSICON-Type Ceramics U.S. Patent Appl. No.: 17/104,306, Nov. 25, 2020.

L.J. Small, S.J. Percival, and E.D. Spoerke Nanostructured Polyelectrolytes for Ion-Selective Membranes U.S. Patent No.: 10,766,005, Sept. 8, 2020.

E.D. Spoerke, S.J. Percival, and L.J. Small Molten Inorganic Electrolytes for Low Temperature Sodium Batteries U.S. Patent Appl. No.: 16/564,751, September 9, 2019.

E.D. Spoerke, P.G. Clem, J.S. Wheeler, L.J. Small, J. Ihlefeld Cation-Enhanced Chemical Stability of Ion-Conducting Zirconium-Based Ceramics U.S. Patent No.: 9,988,312 B2, June 5, 2018.

E.D. Spoerke, M.E. Gordon, E.J. Schindelholz, K.M. Armijo, N.R. Sorensen, A. Martino, J.C. Grunlan Nanocomposite Barrier Films for Photovoltaic Applications U.S. Patent No.: 10,002,983 B1, June 19, 2018.

E.D. Spoerke, J. Ihlefeld, K. Waldrip, J.S. Wheeler, H.J. Brown-Shaklee, L.J. Small, D.R. Wheeler Electrochemical Ion Separation in Molten Salts U.S. Patent No.: 9,847,149 B2, Dec. 19, 2017.