Stephen Percival

Materials Scientist

Author profile picture

Materials Scientist

sperciv@sandia.gov

(505) 845-0207

Biography

Stephen J. Percival is a Senior R&D Materials Scientist and electrochemist in the Electronic, Optical, and Nano Materials Department at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Stephen received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Nevada, Reno and PhD from the University of Washington, Seattle. Before coming to Sandia National Laboratories, he worked as a postdoctoral associate in the lab of Professor Allen J. Bard at the University of Texas at Austin. Stephen has worked with many various electrochemical and materials systems but is inspired by energy and environmentally related fields including energy storage technologies, materials and catalysis.

Research Interests

  • Materials for electrochemical energy storage
  • Functional coatings, membranes and separators to control ion movement at interfaces
  • Reaction kinetics, catalysis and nanoelectrochemistry
  • Nano-structured and composite materials
  • Colloidal nanoparticles, nanowires and 2D nanomaterials

Education

  • Ph.D. in Chemistry, University of Washington (Seattle, WA), 2015
  • B.S. in Chemistry, University of Nevada, (Reno, NV), 2008

Publications

  • Percival, S.J., Lu, P., Lowry, D., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2022). Electrodeposition of Complex High Entropy Oxides via Water Droplet Formation and Conversion to Crystalline Alloy Nanoparticles. Langmuir, 38(5), pp. 1923-1928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03228 Publication ID: 80562
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Meyerson, M., Small, L., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1905212 Publication ID: 77029
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Lower Temperature, Lower Cost Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1905214 Publication ID: 77030
  • Maraschky, A., Lee, R., Percival, S.J., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Experimental and Modeling Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials to Enable Low-temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1899262 Publication ID: 76708
  • Small, L., Lee, R., Percival, S.J., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Meyerson, M., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Understanding Electrochemical Processes in Molten Salt Catholytes for Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1900348 Publication ID: 76973
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Rodriguez, M.A., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Developing ?Really Cool? Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1892161 Publication ID: 76253
  • Nenoff, T.M., Henkelis, S., Rodriguez, M.A., Vogel, D., Rademacher, D.X., Rimsza, J.M., Valdez, N.R., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2021). Kinetically Controlled Linker Binding in Rare Earth-DOBDC MOFs, and its Effects on Acid Gas Adsorption [Conference Paper]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1891597 Publication ID: 76170
  • Small, L., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., Lee, R., Maraschky, A., Meyerson, M., hill, R., Cheng, Y., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891601 Publication ID: 76176
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1891984 Publication ID: 76231
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., Rodriguez, M.A., Lamb, J., Spoerke, E., Small, L., Lee, R., & Lee, R. (2021). Development of a High-Voltage, Low Temperature Molten Sodium Battery [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1887726 Publication ID: 75712
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Lee, R., Lamb, J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Materials Chemistry in Battery Energy Storage: A Key to Unlocking Our ?Potential? Energy Future [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1888383 Publication ID: 75814
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). A high-voltage, low-temperature molten sodium battery enabled by metal halide catholyte chemistry. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100489 Publication ID: 78965
  • Percival, S.J., Russo, S., Priest, C., Hill, R.C., Ohlhausen, J.A., Small, L., Rempe, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Bio-inspired incorporation of phenylalanine enhances ionic selectivity in layer-by-layer deposited polyelectrolyte films. Soft Matter, 17(26), pp. 6315-6325. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM00134E Publication ID: 79392
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., & Rodriguez, M.A. (2021). Hybrid Solid State ?Chaperone? Phases to Improve Solid State Sodium Electrolytes [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1870279 Publication ID: 78601
  • Small, L., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Materials Development for High-Performance Interfaces in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1862764 Publication ID: 77979
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Peretti, A., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). High-Performance Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries Enabled by Improved Charge Transfer Across Interfaces [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1863516 Publication ID: 78072
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3Molten Salt System: A Redox-Active, Low-Temperature Molten Salt Electrolyte. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 168(3). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abebae Publication ID: 77641
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System: Implications for Applied Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1861966 Publication ID: 77905
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Applied Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1861977 Publication ID: 77904
  • Henkelis, S., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rademacher, D.X., Nenoff, T.M., & Nenoff, T.M. (2021). Continuous mof membrane-based sensors via functionalization of interdigitated electrodes. Membranes, 11(3), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030176 Publication ID: 77545
  • Hyder, A.H.M.G., Morales, B.A., Cappelle, M.A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Spoerke, E., Rempe, S., Walker, W.S., & Walker, W.S. (2021). Evaluation of electrodialysis desalination performance of novel bioinspired and conventional ion exchange membranes with sodium chloride feed solutions. Membranes, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030217 Publication ID: 77846
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1831360 Publication ID: 71751
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Molten Salt Catholytes for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Ba:eries [Conference Poster]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1830073 Publication ID: 71641
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829554 Publication ID: 71549
  • Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Engineering Ceramic Electrolyte Interfaces for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Presenation]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1829259 Publication ID: 71532
  • Gross, M., Small, L., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Tin-based ionic chaperone phases to improve low temperature molten sodium-NaSICON interfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8(33), pp. 17012-17018. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03571h Publication ID: 74006
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., hill, R., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Solid State Ion Conductors to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822304 Publication ID: 70944
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., hill, R., Chang, Y., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821830 Publication ID: 74950
  • Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Gross, M., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Sodium Battery Performance [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821079 Publication ID: 74858
  • Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Advancing Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries by Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Electrolytes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820900 Publication ID: 74845
  • Small, L., Gross, M., Lee, R.Y., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., hill, R., Chen, Y., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820561 Publication ID: 74836
  • Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Development of High Performance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1820269 Publication ID: 74781
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Lee, R.Y., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Implementing Low Temperature Strategies to Advance ?Really Cool? Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822305 Publication ID: 70945
  • Schindelholz, E., Spoerke, E., Grunlan, J., Melia, M.A., Percival, S.J., Qin, S., Barrick, E., Alexander, C., Nelson, D., & Nelson, D. (2020). Ultrathin corrosion barrier films enabled by layer-by-layer polymer clay nanocomposites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1822303 Publication ID: 70942
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Molten Sodium Batteries. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1763564 Publication ID: 73578
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Gross, M., Schindelholz, E., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S., Nelson, D., Russo, S., hill, R., Cheng, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Controlling Ion Transport in Multilayered Polymer Composites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1768365 Publication ID: 72813
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., & Small, L. (2020). Synthetic Designs For Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1762817 Publication ID: 70835
  • Gross, M., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rodriguez, M.A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2020). Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Separators in Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761599 Publication ID: 70785
  • Percival, S.J. (2019). Protective Plastic Film Removal from Stainless Steel for Reytek Corporation. https://doi.org/10.2172/1592897 Publication ID: 66817
  • Percival, S.J., Gross, M., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Advances in Low Temperature Molten Sodium Halide Catholytes for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643302 Publication ID: 66357
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Gross, M., Schindelholz, E., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S., Nelson, D., Russo, S., & Russo, S. (2019). The Ion Seeps Tonight: Assessing Ionic Transport in Multilayered Nanocomposites [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643247 Publication ID: 66212
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Tailoring Materials Chemistry to Advance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642901 Publication ID: 65636
  • Spoerke, E., Schindelholz, E., Armijo, K., Gordon, M., Percival, S.J., Nelson, D., Nguyen, H., Sorensen, N., Holder, K., Qin, S., Grunlan, J., & Grunlan, J. (2019). 2D-Dirt: A Low Tech Material with High Tech Potential [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642186 Publication ID: 65050
  • Russo, S., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Priest, C.W., Rempe, S., Ohlhausen, J.A., Peretti, A., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Bio-Inspired Selective Ion Transport Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642048 Publication ID: 64979
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Really Cool Molten Sodium Batteries: Material Innovations to Enable Low Temperature Operation [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1642049 Publication ID: 64980
  • Peretti, A., Coker, E., Rodriguez, M.A., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium-Based Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1643658 Publication ID: 65155
  • Percival, S.J., Percival, S.J., Rempe, S., Rempe, S., & Rempe, S. (2019). Biomimetic Membranes for Water Desalination [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645978 Publication ID: 65248
  • Percival, S.J., Melia, M.A., Rempe, S., & Rempe, S. (2019). RO membranes for Clean Water – Sandia Pitch Competition 2019 [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645833 Publication ID: 70633
  • Spoerke, E., Gross, M., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1641790 Publication ID: 64617
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Materials Advances to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Presentation]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1645408 Publication ID: 69113
  • Percival, S.J., Russo, S., Hill, R., Peretti, A., Small, L., Rempe, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2019). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639715 Publication ID: 68135
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Bock, J., Brown-Shaklee, H.J., Small, L., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Adapting Processing and Structure Toward Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639852 Publication ID: 68222
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., & Lamb, J. (2019). Molten Sodium Batteries: Promise for Advancing Grid-Scale Battery Utility [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1639393 Publication ID: 67458
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2019). Advancing ?Low? Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1582247 Publication ID: 64174
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., lamb, J., & lamb, J. (2018). Tailoring Molten Sodium-Halide Battery Chemistry for Safe Low Temperature Rechargeable Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1761122 Publication ID: 60381
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Allcorn, E., Chalamala, B.R., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Molten Salt Catholyte Development for Low Temperature Na-Halide Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1569131 Publication ID: 59112
  • Spoerke, E., Peretti, A., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2018). Sodium Ion-Conducting Separator Development [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1806864 Publication ID: 59119
  • Spoerke, E., Percival, S.J., Small, L., Peretti, A., Lamb, J., Dickens, S., Allcorn, E., Chalamala, B.R., & Chalamala, B.R. (2018). Materials Advances for Molten Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1567825 Publication ID: 59162
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Electrochemical Assessment of Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1511988 Publication ID: 61924
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Rempe, S., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1525588 Publication ID: 61939
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Intermediate Temperature Sodium Batteries Enabled by an Inorganic Molten Catholyte [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1524265 Publication ID: 61993
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Polyelectrolytes for Selective Ion Transport in Nanoporous Electrodialysis Membranes [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1505284 Publication ID: 61387
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2018). Improving Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors for Next Generation Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1505285 Publication ID: 61388
  • Percival, S.J., Small, L., Spoerke, E., Rempe, S., & Rempe, S. (2018). Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition on nanoporous supports for ion selective membranes. RSC Advances, 8(57), pp. 32992-32999. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA05580G Publication ID: 59580
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). A Materials Chemistry Approach to Safe Effective Sodium Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1484571 Publication ID: 54412
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., Percival, S.J., & Percival, S.J. (2017). Advancing Sodium-Based Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1509660 Publication ID: 53353
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477936 Publication ID: 53514
  • Spoerke, E., Small, L., Percival, S.J., Lamb, J., Clem, P., Ingersoll, D., Bhavaraju, S., Eccleston, A., & Eccleston, A. (2017). Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Meeting Next Generation Challenges in Grid-Scale Energy Storage [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477935 Publication ID: 53515
  • Small, L., Percival, S.J., Allcorn, E., Spoerke, E., & Spoerke, E. (2017). Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Use in a Sodium Battery [Conference Poster]. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1508940 Publication ID: 53275
Showing 10 of 69 publications.

Patents & Trademarks

S.J. Percival, C. Campbell, M. Celina, E. Schindelholz, E.D. Spoerke “Inherently Crosslinkable Nanocomposite Thin Film Anticorrosion Coating” SD# 15228, US Application # 62/990,704, Sept. 3, 2020.

E.D. Spoerke, M.M. Gross, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small “Surface Treatments of NaSICON Ceramics for Improved Sodium Electrochemical Interfaces” US Patent Application # 62/940,697, Nov. 26, 2019.

E.D. Spoerke, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small “Molten Inorganic Electrolytes for Low Temperature Sodium Batteries” US Patent Application # 16/564,751. Sep. 2019.

L.J. Small, S.J. Percival, E.D. Spoerke “Nanostructured Polyelectrolytes for Electrodialysis Membranes” US Application # 16/128,081, Jun. 10, 2020.